The Complex systems no. 4 (21) 2016

Basic researches
CYTOARCHITECTONICS OF SPEECH MOTOR ZONE OF CORTEX OF MALE BRAIN IN MATURE, ELDERLY AND SENILE AGE.
Bogolepova I.N., Malofeeva L.I., Korshunov I.A.
Abstract. The cytoarchitectonics of field 44 of speechmotor zone of cortex of a brain of men in mature (19-32 years), elderly (59-71 years) and senile (84-89 years) age was studied. In each age group 10 hemispheres of a brain have been studied. Research was conducted on continuous series of the frontal total sections painted cresyl violet by Nissl's method. Modern morphometric methods have studied the cortex width, the area of the profile field of neurons of layers IIII and V, their class composition, density of neurons and glia, a share of a satellite glia and the neurons surrounded with her. It has been established that at men of elderly age change of the studied morphometric characteristics slightly and is mainly expressed in a layer V. At men of senile age atrophic processes are expressed not only on cytoarchitectonics, but also at macroscopic level. At senile age statistically significant changes of all studied morphometric characteristics, both in layer III, and in layer V are revealed.
Keywords: brain man, cytoarchitectonics, prefrontal cortex, aged change
THE LIGHT INTERFERENCE AND THE LACK OF PARTICULAR MEASURED VALUES UNTIL THE MEASUREMENT (A PRIORI)
Belinsky A.V.
Abstract. The features of the behavior of photons in different experimental situations are considered. The variants of two-beam interference of a single photon, the possibility of forming by it «standing wave», and the three-beam interference are analyzed. The observation of these effects proves the lack of particular measured values until the measurement (a priori). For the three-beam interference there is no certain photon number until photodetection in the light field despite the fact that the system is in the energy state. On the basis of studying the effects of suppressing cross-correlation of photons on the beam splitter and the preparation of squeezed states proposed experimental proof of the lack of a specific value of the phase and the phase difference of photons in Fock states.
Keywords: Quantum theory interpretations, single photon interference, quantum measurements
New ideas, approaches
ON THE NATURE AND PHYSICAL ESSENCE OF ENERGY LEVELS OF HYDROGEN ATOM
N.A. Magnitskii
Abstract. From deterministic equations of compressible oscillating ether derived based on the laws of classical mechanics, the values ​​of the energy levels of the ground, excited and hydrino states of the hydrogen atom are obtained, which are the values ​​of the electron binding energy with the proton. The Stern-Gerlach, Einstein-de Haas and Zeeman experiments are clarified. The formulas of the fine structure of the hydrogen atom are obtained in the absence of relativistic effects and the orbital motion of the electron in the considered ether model.
Key words: ether equations, hydrogen atom, binding energy, ground, excited and hydrino states, the interaction with the magnetic fields, the fine structure
THE CHANGING OF KHARACTERISTICS OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND ARCTIC ICE COVER
Kholoptsev A.V. , Kononova N.K.
Abstract. Sustained and statistically significant  teleconnections  between the modern changes of mean monthly values of sea ice extent of water areas through which in the Arctic waters  regions in August, and the variations of  the total duration of the period prevalence of typical of the summer months Elementary Circulation Mechanisms, which refer to groups of Meridional Northern and Meridional Southern were revealed.
Key words: ice cover, the Arctic waters, atmospheric circulation, elementary circulation mechanisms, repeatability, teleconnections
Experiments, opening, practice
FORMATION OF A COMPLEX DURING EVOLUTION OF A COMPLEX SELF-ORGANIZED SYSTEM
Smirnov V.L.
Abstract. In this paper we consider an evolutionary branch of a previously suggested proto-structure. The latter is understood as an instrument for self-organization of objects regardless of their nature that is presented on the number axis and presumably models general space-time properties. The proto-structure comprises two components which in their turn consist of cycles, i.e. systematically repeated sets of relations. The cycles are made of nodes, i.e. separate allowed states connected by certain rules. Presence or establishment of links between components, cycles or nodes is understood as their interaction. The paper suggests principles, rules and criteria of stability for node formation. We regard interaction of two proto-structure cycles resulting in the formation of a node complex, whose stable part is called a frame. Instabilities, i.e. boundaries of the frame formation and the frame itself, consisting of a base and two wings – a stable and a variable one, are analyzed. The model does not include adjustment parameters and is focused on the identification of rigid links between the frame nodes: a change in the position of a node leads to deformation of all other nodes of the group. The frame represents a stable set of positions allowing further evolution. It is shown that a row of the obtained frame elements can be interpreted as a range of allowed states for the system order parameter while other positions act as centers of symmetry. In particular, the scheme can be applied to explain the mechanism of the solar radius formation and length of the activity cycle on its surface on the ecliptic plane.
Key words: complex systems, self-organization, evolution, order parameter cycle
INTERPRETATION OF A COMPLEX FORMED IN COMPLEX SELF-ORGANIZED SYSTEM
Smirnov V.L.
Abstract. The paper interprets positions of the complex frame formed in a complex self-organizing system. The framework is understood as a steady part of the complex that is formed based on the proto-structure. The proto-structure is a two-component form consisting of cycles and sets the range of allowed states on the number line, and presumably is the primary source for various natural systems. In particular, the proto-structure generates the order parameter of the system. The frame is a geometric scheme consisting of 27 positions of the number line and having numerous connections. Frame positions are interpreted using the order parameter. When the model is applied, this parameter is regarded as a relative angular momentum in the solar system's ecliptic plane. The paper suggests an explanation of the solar radius formation mechanism, the volatile (hidden) 11-year cycle of solar activity, as well as the sustainable 27-day cycle. At the same time, we analyze the formation of the orbits of two bodies, i.e. Halley’s comet and Chiron. The frame is understood as the key part of the system and the basis to study space- time structure of the solar activity. Adjustment parameters are not applied and the model results are consistent with the observed data in the range of 0.1%.
Key words: cycle, self-organization, order parameter, solar radius, solar activity, Halley’s comet, Chiron

The Complex systems no. 3 (20) 2016

Basic researches
SURFACE WATER REGIME CHANGES IN THE HYDROSPHERE
Klige R. K., Shkol'nyj D. I.
Abstract. During arising climate changes from 1570 till 1800 in thermal regime of atmosphere of Earth northern hemisphere gradual increase of annual average heating with mean speed about +0,2°С per century was detected. Since the 1810-1820 years, temperature increase rate rises 2,5 times up to about +0,5°С per century. Simultaneously the world Ocean’s warming is developing under the raising volcanic activity. Comparison between heating of land and ocean from the 1800s shows that ocean surface began to heat up 50 years earlier than the raising warming of the atmosphere surface layer above continents. From 1910 air temperature began to increase almost together with ocean surface temperature. From 1980s due to increasing of evaporation from ocean surface and the growth of water vapor amount in atmosphere air temperature increasing began to outpace temperature changes on ocean surface as a result of greenhouse effect. Large-scale thermal changes both in the ocean and on land at the same time led to fundamental changes of the global water cycle. Development of the complex of global natural processes on Earth surface reveals their strong correlation with the dynamics of developing heliocosmic factors and geophysical indicators of the Earth which determine extension of tectonics and volcanic activity.
Keywords: global changes, temperature of atmosphere and ocean, level regime of surface water, glaciers, inundations, volcanism, global water cycle
LAND – SOIL – GEOBIONOOSPHERE (IN THE CONTEXT OF PAPERS BY V.V. DOKUCHAEV AND V.I. VERNADSKIY)
Nikitin E.D., Ivanov O.P., Nikitina O.G., Sabodina E.P., Myakokina O.V.
Abstract. The insufficient inclusion of modern pedology achievements in integrating papers on Earth science that prevent from formation of adequate integral theory of interaction of nature and society is proved. Because of polysemanticism of term «ground» in definition of scientific base of use of land resources soil component commonly is not defined in full measure. It makes the recommendations on land use excessively schematic, complicates accounting of soil-geografical diversity, and prevents from efficient use and protection of territory. Now it is felt the demand for the new comprehension of papers and ideas of founder of fundamental pedology V.V.Dokuchaev and his eminent pupil V.I.Vernadskiy in the context of achievements of natural science and present problems of interaction of man and his environment.
Key words: pedology, Earth science, harmonious development, geobionoosphere, complex Red book, nature and soil protection.
New ideas, approaches
CONTEMPORARY CHANGES OF THE ICE COVER ON THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
Kholoptsev A.V., Podporin S.A.
Abstract. Statistically significant and sustained teleconnection modern changes of mean monthly values of sea ice extent of water areas through which the Northern Sea route trail passes with time series of total duration of the predominance periods in the Northern hemisphere of Elementary Circulation Mechanisms, which refer to groups of Meridional Southern, Meridional Northern and Azonal (by B.L. Dzerdzeevsky) were revealed.
Keywords: ice cover, atmospheric circulation, the Elementary Circulation Mechanism, teleconnection, the Northern Sea route.
Experiments, opening, practice
EDUCATIONAL MODEL OF STUDENT’S RATIONAL SELF ORGANIZATION
Vasilyev N.S., Gromyko V.I.
Abstract. Based on post neoclassic science achievements rational educational model and technology of subject’s cultural self construction are proposed. Approach is based on mathematical language glottogonia ideas which are of paramount importance for development of student’s second conceptual consciousness. Universal tutoring and synthetic axiomatic method of cognition serves to intellect self organization. Second consciousness is developed by means of universal concepts identification specialized in any discipline being studied. It recovers initial self obviousness of meanings lost by inherited theories and gives purpose of education. An artificial intellect system with personal ontological knowledge bases will facilitate meanings cognition. By author’s opinion aim of education consists in student’s mind equipping with category language as base of rational objectivation of the third world.
Keywords: system informational culture, the third world, philogenes, cognogenes, subjectivation, personality, self creation, second consciousness, ontogenesis, glottogenesis, rational objectivation, universal education, discovery didactics, axiomatic cognition method, category`s language,  meanings identification, ontological knowledge base.
Debatable aspects
FORMATION OF THE ORDER PARAMETЕR
DURING EVOLUTION OF A NON-SPESIFIC COMPLEX SISTEM
Smirnov V.L.
Abstract. The paper analyzes the evolution of the spectra of allowed states for a system without any specifics. The analysis is specifically focused on the formation of the order parameter of the system and its boundaries. The generator of allowed states is regarded as the proto-structure, a two-component system of relations shown on the numeric axis and presumably acting as the primary form for different objects of nature. Both components are made up of cycles, i.e. repetitive sets of relationships. On one hand, it is shown how the interaction of cycles belonging to two different relative characteristics leads to the establishment of the hierarchy and the order parameter. On the other hand, the proto-structure boundaries are formed following the harmonization of its two components. An analytical expression is provided for each of the allowed states.
The appendix is considers a part of the Solar system structure at the initial formation stage. The structure is located on the ecliptic plane and comprises a planetary orbit. The role of the order parameter is performed by the relative angular momentum. On one of the obtained boundaries the identified speed limit coincides with the light speed within 0.1%. The minimum model radius of the system is twice smaller than the gravitational radius of the Sun. For most planetary orbits, model and observational data matches in a range close to 1%. It is pointed out that the existing significant differences regarding, for example, the asteroid belt can be eliminated while analyzing further stages of the system evolution.
Key words: evolution, order parameter, cycles, structure, light speed, integrity

The Complex systems no. 2 (19) 2016

Basic researches
QUANTUM PARTICLES ARE OUT OF SPACE-TIME?
Belinsky A.V.
Abstract. The experiments with single quantum particles are considered and are allowed to suggest that quantum processes occur outside of macroscopic space-time.
Keywords: Quantum theory interpretations, the space-time nature, single quantum particle interference, physical interactions

INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PEDOLOGY, FUNDAMENTALS STUDY, HOMONATUROLOGY
Nikitin E.D.
Abstract. Necessity of principal intensification of integration processes in science as the most important condition that ecological problems of differenf levels will find reasonable solution is argued. Burning need for fundamental pedology, theory of unity of human and nature (homonaturology) and other interdisciplinary sciences and areas is shown. Increasing role of philosophy of science in actualization of fundamentals of natural science and the humanities is noted.
Key words: soil, philosophy of science, ecology, pedology, geobionoosphere, protection of nature

New ideas, approaches
MORPHODYNAMICS SYSTEM  SUBMARINE CANYONS  OF  IMERETI LOWLAND (BLACK SEA)
Yaroslavtsev N.A., Safyanov G.A., Petrov V.A.
Abstract. On the basis of repeated bathymetric surveys, estuarine morphodynamics system of  Mzymta and Psou Rivers canyons and two canyons of the longshore supply studied.
It is shown that the rate of accumulation of sediments in the canyon tributaries depend screens on the distance of the vertex from the mouths of rivers and coasts. The largest number of material enters the tributaries located near the mouths of rivers and the upper reaches of the canyons, close to shore. The accumulation of sediment in tributaries leads to stall the nomination edge depths of the sea, an increase in the slope of the edge of the sea accumulating material, and when it reaches its critical inclination, displacement down the thalweg to lower levels. After this phase of the cycle begins again sedimentation faith-hovyah canyons.
The intensity of the accumulation of sediments in estuarine tributaries canyons in the set by God depends on their location relative to the direction of flow of sediment. During longshore movement of coarse sediment fractions by removing faith-hovev canyons from the coast of more than 100 m fall in limited quantities.
Submarine canyons longshore supply new and Constantine, the headwaters of which are closed to the foot of the beaches, and blocking movement of sediment from the mouth of the river. Mzymta fencing port breakwaters resulted in a sharp rise of the deficit of sediment and reduce the width of the beaches on the coast from the port area  to the Psou  mouth.
Keywords: Accumulation, brow stall depths, underwater canyon tributaries, erosion, sediment load, the thalweg, the mouth of the river

Experiments, opening, practice
MATHEMATICAL AND CYCLICAL MODELS IN THE PREDICTION OF MODERN GLOBAL PROCESSES
Surikov V. V., Kolotusha A. V.
Abstract. The analysis of attempts of predictions in the modern economic science leads to the conclusion that the economic mathematical models often give forecasts, to put it mildly, untrue. In the present article, the authors have tried to look deeper into the situation and try to answer a number of fundamental, in their opinion, issues. In particular, the article presents a review of some mathematical and cyclical economic models, explores why the cyclic models are sometimes underestimated among the variety of types of economic mathematical models. Also there is given an attempt to analyze the relationship between cyclical economic models on the example of the connection between the medium-term (7-11 years) cycles of Juglar and long-term (40-60 years) Kondratieff cycles.
Key words: mathematical models, economic models, forecasting, global processes

A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE UNUSUAL ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE
Nikitin A.I., Nikitina T.F., Velichko A.M.
Abstract. At the end of January 2013 on Northern Cyprus during a thunderstorm a picture of four unusual channels of atmospheric discharge was captured. In contrast to bead lightning the channels of this discharge have a clear periodic structure, less brightness and yellow-green colour. They look as lines, containing one, three and five parallel strokes. It was supposed that the unusual atmospheric discharge may be created in a plasma waveguide of the cooling channel of linear lightning, inside which a standing electromagnetic wave was formed.
Key words: channel of linear lightning, bead lightning, plasma waveguide, standing waves

Debatable aspects
ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE SPECTRA OF EVOLUTION PATHS FOR VARIOUS COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Smirnov V.L.
Abstract. The paper suggests a methodology for calculating transitional forms of complex systems in the course of their evolution (deployment) without making any assumptions about specifics of the mentioned systems. Discrete spectra and causes of such changes are analyzed quantitatively for such systems. The study focuses on the structure, i.e. a set of relations on the number scale. The trinitarian technique is used, in particular, the analysis is based on proportions: the arithmetic one – the geometric one – the golden section. The key idea is that identical matches are identified for various variants of the order and corresponding types of symmetry. The increase in their number contributes to the survival of structural configurations and emergence of the new types of order. The proposed rules for the selection of allowed states enable to form the proto-structure, i.e. the primary set of relationships. Its evolution can be traced step-by-step from Stage 0 up to the emergence of cycles - axis intervals where relationships are systematically repeated. The proto-structure comprises two components, has a high degree of symmetry and includes fragments as the most common numerical invariants, it is the golden section. The proto-structure is considered for the first time, presumably it describes the basic space-time properties and serves as a material for further evolution. It is shown that the methodology enables to analyze the formation of the allowed positions of the order parameter, for example, in the Solar system. From the physics perspective, the model can be regarded as an attempt to enter the third level of the hierarchy proposed E.Wigner: events - laws - principles of symmetry.
Keywords: structure, complex systems, evolution, self-organization, symmetry, cycle, golden section

The Complex systems no. 1 (18) 2016

Basic researches
SOIL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN AND RURAL GEOBIOCIVILIZATIONS (APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM)
Nikitin E.D.
Abstract. Inadmissibility of further destructive use of soil resources is based. Availability of examination of Earth civilization as organically conjugate dialectical pair – urban and rural geobiocivilizations that need effective programs of soil protection and restoration - is shown.
Key words: soils, soil resources, urban and rural geobiocivilizations, environmental protection

New ideas, approaches
Fluctuations in the global atmospheric circulation in the
XX-XXI century
Kononova N.K.
Abstract. Fluctuations in the global atmospheric circulation in 1899-2014, in the classification by BL Dzerdzeevskii considered. Three circulation epoch identified. Frequency elementary circulation mechanisms (ECM) in each period analyzed. ECM, the total duration of which an average of more than six months era, marked. The start date of circulation seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres and their duration for each year are determined.
 Long-term fluctuations in mean annual air temperature in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and the global and the annual amplitude of air temperature due to changes in the nature of atmospheric circulation are analyzed.
Particular attention is paid to the modern period (1998-2014). During this period, in the lower troposphere maximum meridional transport of air masses is observed (on average 335 days per year). In 93 days on average per year macroprocesses cyclones at the poles, without blocking processes, with three or four cyclones outputs of low to high latitudes in each hemisphere observed (type 13). On other days macroprocesses with anticyclones at the poles, the outputs of the cyclone low to high latitudes in two-four quadrants of each hemisphere and the Arctic-Antarctic invasions in their rear, forming a blocking process (types 8 to 12) are marked. As a result, the average annual air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere has ceased to rise, and in the Southern Hemisphere air temperature dropped slightly. Due to the growth of the length of the high pressure in winter and summer annual amplitude of air temperature was the highest for the entire observation period. Simultaneous outputs cyclones from low to high latitudes in different sectors hemispheres simultaneously cause the occurrence of natural hazards associated with heavy rainfall in different regions of the Earth.
Key words: global atmospheric circulation, air temperature, natural hazards

Experiments, opening, practice
Network medicine
Yevin I.A., Rosin A.V., Son N.P., Chernyshova D.I.
Abstract. This paper provides a brief review of major publications on the application of the theory of complex networks on the study of human diseases.  We pay major attention on the relationship between various diseases at the molecular and phenotypic level. We give also a brief description of the network model of diabetes of the second type.
Keywords: scale-free networks,  interactome, disease module

Debatable aspects
PHYSICS WITHOUT WEIGHT
Batanov M.S.
Abstract:  In a modern physical picture of the world the concept "weight" of a body is present at three main forms:
- in the second law of Newton of F = mi dx2/d2t (mi - inert "weight");     
- in the law of universal gravitation of |F |= G mgМ/r2 (mg - gravitational "weight");
- to Einstein's formula of E = m0c2 (m0 – the mass of rest, or power "weight").
All three mass of mi, mg and m0 have one both grieve dimension (kilogram) and can treat the same body, but characterize its absolutely different properties: mi – is responsible for body resilience to change of a condition of its movement, mg – is responsible for ability of a body to attract other bodies, m0 – characterizes amount of the internal energy containing in a body. Amazingly, but it is considered that all these three absolutely different characteristics of a body are equal each other mi = mg = m0.
This circumstance leads to cosmological paradoxes such as existence of "a dark matter" and "dark energy", to a problem of detection of Higgs bosons and to many other problems in modern physics.
The concept "weight" is one of the most uncertain in modern science. In the author's opinion, the only way of permission of many scientific problems is a full eradication of "weight" from all continuations of Fundamentals of natural philosophy.
Some aspects connected with an exception of the concept "weight" of scientific views are discussed in "Algebra of signatures". In this article will raise only the private question of possibility of development of the theory without weight of relativity on the basis of studying of the vacuum equations of Einstein.
Keywords: weight, weight density, vacuum equation of Einstein, richchi-flat space, energy impulse tensor, scalar curvature.